A Guide To The Exoparia

a guide to the exoparia

the presence of the exoparia doesnt actually change much for the way we reconstruct most dinosaur groups, however, it changes some minor things for two of the most well known dinosaur groups that should be taken into account:

text at top: The team found that in tyrannosaurs, the exoparia would've attached to the "jugal horn" and the surrounding bone on the top, and attached to the "shelf" onthe lower jaw on the bottom.

image description of the middle: two tyrannosaur skulls, the left showing the attachment points for the exoparia, the right showing it in context with other jaw muscles

text at bottom: *hypothetical skull and simplified muscles for visual purposes.

text at top: The placement of the exoparia would've created a smooth edge from the top to bottom jaw. Think the back of our jaws, if you press you can feel the edges of bone, but when you release the pressure there's no visible depression. Keep in midn the extent of the "cheek" is unrelated to the exoparia (again think our jaws).

red text: no visible jugal horn, shallow depression if continuing lip line, smooth edge if rictus

image description of the middle: two life reconstructions over the previous two tyrannosaur skulls that show two different possibilities of life reconstruction taking into account the exoparia

text at bottom: Keep in mind these are only two possibilities of many, not the only options

text at top: The team found that in derived ceratopsians (the ceratopsians with "flaring" cheek bones), while the shape of the attachment points for the exoparia varies, in general it attaches to the "lower surface of the jugal", and the "upper surface of the surangular".

image description of the middle: two derived ceratopsian skulls, the left showing the attachment points for the exoparia, the right showing it in context with other jaw muscles

text at bottom: *hypothetical skull and simplified muscles for visual purposes.

text at top: Like in tyrannosaurs, the exoparia would've created a smooth edge from the top to bottom jaw for exactly the same reason as previously highlighted, Again, keep in mind the extent of the "cheek" is unrelated to the exoparia. The range of possible cheek coverage for ceratopsians is greater by nature of their diet and chewing motion.

red text: many possibilities regarding extent of cheek coverage, jugal horn could be present, but only on outer surface, smooth edge

image description of middle: two life reconstructions over the previous two ceratopsian skulls that show two different possibilities of life reconstruction taking into account the exoparia

text at bottom: Keep in mind these are only two possibilities of many, not the only options

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